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At Encord, we believe in empowering employees to shape their own careers. The company fosters a culture of ‘trust and autonomy’, which encourages people to think creatively and outside the box when approaching challenges. We strongly believe that people are the pillars of the company. With employees from over 20 nationalities, we are committed to building a culture that supports and celebrates diversity. For us, we want our people to be their authentic self at work and be driven to take Encord's mission forward.  Rad Ploshtakov was the first employee at Encord and is a testament to how quickly you can progress in a startup. He joined as a Founding Engineer after working as a Software Engineer in the finance industry, and is now our Head of Engineering. Hi Rad! Tell us about yourself, how you ended up in Encord, and what you’re doing. I was born and raised in Bulgaria. I moved to the UK to study a masters in Computing (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning) at Imperial College London. I am also a former competitive mathematician and worked in trading as a developer, building systems that operate in single digit microseconds. Then I joined Encord (or Cord, which is how we were known at the time!) as the first hire - I thought the space was really exciting, and Eric and Ulrik are an exceptional duo. I started off as a Founding Engineer and, as our team grew, transitioned to Head of Engineering about a year later. I am responsible for ensuring that as an engineering team we're working on what matters most for our current and future customers - I work closely with everyone to set the overall direction and incorporate values for the team. Nowadays, a lot of my time is also spent on hiring, and on helping build and maintain an environment in which everyone can do their best work. What does a normal day at work look like for you? Working in a startup means no two days are the same! Generally, I would say that my day revolves around translating the co-founders' goals into actionable items for our team to work on - communicating and providing guidance are two important aspects of my role. A typical day includes meeting with customers and prospects, code reviewing, and supporting across different initiatives. Another big part is collaborating with other teams to understand what we want to build and how we are going to build it. Can you tell us a bit about a project that you are currently working on? Broadly speaking, a lot of my last few weeks has been supporting our teams as they set out and execute on their roadmaps. 2023 will be a huge year for us at Encord, and we're moving at a very fast pace, so a lot of my focus recently has been helping us be set up for success. As for specific projects, I'm very excited about all the work our team is doing for our customers. For example, our DICOM annotation tool has recently been named the leading medical imaging annotation tool on the market - which is a huge testament to the work our team has poured into it over the last year. I remember hacking together a first version of our DICOM annotation tool in my first (admittedly mostly sleepless!) weeks at Encord, and seeing how far it's come in just a few months has been one of the most rewarding parts of my last year. What stood out to you about the Encord team when you joined? Many things. When I first met the co-founders (Eric & Ulrik), I was impressed by their unique insights into the challenges that lay ahead for computer vision teams - they can simultaneously visualize strikingly clearly what the next decade will look like, while also being able to execute at mind-boggling speed in the moment, in that direction. I was impressed also by how smart, resourceful and driven they were. By the time I joined, they had been able to build a revenue generating business with dozens of customers - getting to understand deeply the problems that teams were facing and then iterating quickly to build solutions that not even they had thought about. What is it like to work at Encord now? It's a very exciting time to be at Encord. Our customer base has been scaling rapidly, and the feedback loop on the engineering cycle is very short, so we get to see the impact of our work at a very quick pace which is exciting - often going from building specs for a feature, to shipping it, showing it to our customers, and seeing them starting to use it all happen in a span of just a few weeks. A big part of working at Encord is focusing a lot on our customer's success - we always seek out feedback, listen, and apply first principles to the challenges our customers are facing (as well as getting ahead with ones we know they'll be facing soon that they might not be thinking about yet!). Then work on making the product better and better each day. How would you describe the team at Encord now? The best at what they do - also hardworking, very collaborative and always helping and motivating each other. One of our core values is having a growth mentality, and each member of our team has come into the company and built things from the ground up. Everyone has a willingness to roll up their sleeves and make things happen to grow the company. A resulting factor of this is also that it's okay to make mistakes - we are constantly iterating and trying to get 1% better each day. We have big plans for 2023 & are hiring across all teams! ➡️ Click here to see our open positions

Learn more about life at Encord from our Product Design Lead, Mavis Lok! Mavis Lok, or ‘Figma Queen’ as we’d like to call her, thrives in using innovation and creativity to enhance the user experience (UX) and user interface (UI) of our products. She listens closely to our customers’ needs, conducts user discovery, and translates insights into tangible and elegant solutions. You will find Mavis collaborating with various teams at Encord (from the Sales and Customer Success teams, to the Product and Engineering teams) to ensure that the product aligns with our business goals and user needs. Hi, Mavis, first question is what inspired you to join Encord? When I was planning the next steps in my career, I knew that I wanted to join an emerging and innovative tech startup. In the process, I stumbled upon Encord - with a pretty big vision of helping companies build better AI models with quality data. A problem that seemed ambitious and compelling.  I had my first chat with Justin [Encord's Head of Product Engineering], and he gave me great insights into the role, the company, and the domain space, which tied nicely with my design experience and what I was looking for in my next role. I was evaluating many companies, and I made sure (and I'd recommend to anyone reading!) to speak to as many employees from the company I could meet. The more people I met from Encord, the more and more eager I became to join the team. Could you tell me a little about what inspired you to pursue a career in product design? Hah, great question! I was previously in creative advertising and was trained as a Creative/Art Director. During my free time, I would participate in advertising competitions where I would pitch ideas for brands, and I’d always maximize my design potential through digital-led ideas. That brought me to work as a Digital Designer and then as a Design Manager, where I got my first glimpse of what it was like to work closely with co-founders, engineers, and designers. The company I was working at, was going through a transition from an agency to a SaaS type business model, and I found many of the skills I'd developed were actually an edge for what product design requires. Having an impact in balancing business needs, and product development challenges whilst creating products that are user-centric and delightful to use - is why I love what I do every day. How would you describe the company culture? I think the people at Encord are what sets us apart. With a team of over 20 nationalities, it’s an incredible feeling to work in an environment where diversity of thought is encouraged.  The grit, ambition, vision, and thoughtfulness of the team are why I enjoy being part of Encord.   What have been some of the highlights of working at Encord? Encord has given me the space to throw light on the impact that design can bring to the company and build more meaningful relationships with the team and, of course, our customers. Another big highlight for me is practicing the notion of coming up with ideas rapidly whilst being able to identify the consequences of every design decision. Brainstorming creativity whilst critically is something I hold dearly in my creative/design life, so it’s definitely a highlight of my day-to-day at Encord. On a side note, Encord is also a fun place to work. Whether it is Friday lunches, monthly social activities, or company off-sites, there are plenty of opportunities to have a good time with the team.  ​​Lastly, what advice would you give someone considering joining Encord? The first thing I would say is you have to be authentic during the interview, and you should also genuinely care about the mission of the company because there is a lot of buzz around the AI space right now - genuine interest lasts longer than hype. I would recommend reading our blogs on the website; it's a great place to start, as you can gain a lot of insight from it. From learning more about our customers, to exploring where our space is headed. We have big plans for 2023 & are hiring across all teams. Find here the roles we are hiring for.

For today’s version of “Behind the Enc-urtain”, we sat down with Shivant, Technical CSM at Encord, to learn more about his journey and day-to-day role. Shivant joined the GTM team when it was a little more than a 10 person task force, and has played a pivotal role in our hypergrowth over the last year. In this post, we’ll learn more about the camaraderie he shares with the team, what culture at Encord is like, and the thrill of working on some pretty fascinating projects with some of today’s AI leaders.  To start us off - could you introduce yourself to the readers, & share more about your journey to Encord? Of course!  I’m originally from South Africa – I studied Business Science and Information Systems, and started my career at one of the leading advisory firms in Cape Town. As a Data Scientist, I worked on everything from technology risk assessments to developing models for lenders around the world. I had a great time - and learned a ton! In 2022 I was presented the opportunity to join a newly-launched program in Analytics at London Business School, one of the best Graduate schools in the world. I decided to pack up my life (quite literally!) and move to London. That year was an insane adventure – and I didn’t know at the time but it prepared me extremely well for what my role post-LBS would be like. It was an extremely diverse and international environment, courses were ever-changing and a good level of challenging, and, as the cliche goes, I met some of my now-best friends! I went to a networking event in the spring, where I met probably two dozen startups that were hiring – I think I walked around basically every booth, and actually missed the Encord one. [NB: it was in a remote corner!]  As I was leaving I saw Lavanya [People Associate at Encord] and Nikolaj [Product Manager at Encord] packing up the booth. We started chatting and fast forward to today… here we are! What was something you found surprising about Encord when you joined? How closely everyone works together. I still remember my first day – my desk-neighbors were Justin [Head of Product Engineering], Eric [Co-founder & CEO] and Rad [Head of Engineering]. Coming from a 5,000 employee organization, I already found that insane! Then throughout the day, AEs or BDRs would pass by and chat about a conversation they had just had with a prospect – and engineers sitting nearby would chip in with relevant features they were working on, or ask questions about how prospects were using our product. It all felt quite surreal. I now realize we operate with extremely fast and tight feedback loops and everyone generally gets exposure to every other area of the company – it’s one of the reasons we’ve been able to grow and move as fast as we have. What’s your favorite part of being a Technical CSM at Encord? The incredibly inspiring projects I get to help our customers work on. When most people think about AI today they mostly think about ChatGPT but, beyond LLMs, companies are working on truly incredible products that are improving so many areas of society. To give an example – on any given day, my morning might start with helping the CTO of a generative AI scale-up improve their text-to-video model, be followed by a call with an AI team at a drone startup who is trying to more accurately detect carbon emissions in a forest, and end with meeting a data engineering team at a large healthcare org who’s working on deploying a more automated abnormality-detector for MRI scans.  I can’t really think of any other role where I’d be exposed to so much of “the future”. It’s extremely fun.  What words would you use to describe the Encord culture? Open and collaborative. We’re one team, and the default for everyone is always to focus on getting to the best outcome for Encord and our customers. Also, agile: the AI space we’re in is moving fast, and we’re able to stay ahead of it all and incorporate cutting-edge technologies into our platform to help our customers – sometimes a few days from it being released by Meta or OpenAI. And then definitely diverse: we’re 60 employees, from 34 different nationalities, which is incredibly cool. I appreciate being surrounded by people from different backgrounds, it helps me see things in ways I wouldn’t otherwise, and has definitely challenged a lot of what I thought was the norm.  What are you most excited re. Encord or the CS team this year?  There’s a lot to be excited about – this will be a huge year for us. We recently opened our San Francisco office to be closer to many of our customers, so I’m extra excited about having a true Encord base in the Bay area and getting to see everyone more regularly in person.  We’re also going to grow the CS team past Fred & I for the first time! We’re looking for both Technical CSMs and Senior CSMs to join the team, both in London and in SF, as well as Customer Support Engineers and ML Solutions Engineers. On the topic of hiring… who do you think Encord would be the right fit for? Who would enjoy Encord the most? In my experience, people who enjoy Encord the most have a strong sense of self-initiative and ambition – they want to achieve big, important outcomes but also realize most of the work to get there is extremely unglamorous and requires no task being “beneath” them. They tend to always approach a problem with the intent of finding a way to get to the solution, and generally get energy from learning and being surrounded by other talented, extremely smart people. Relentlessness is definitely a trait that we all share at Encord. A lot of our team is made up of previous founders, I think that says a lot about our culture.  See you at the next episode of “Behind the Enc-urtain”! And as always, you can find our careers page here😉

Artificial intelligence (AI) in robotics defines new ways organizations can use machines to optimize operations. According to a McKinsey report, AI-powered automation could boost global productivity by up to 1.4% annually, with sectors like manufacturing, healthcare, and logistics seeing the most significant transformation.  However, integrating AI into robotics requires overcoming challenges related to data limitations and ethical concerns. Also, the lack of diverse datasets for domain-specific environments makes it difficult to train effective AI models for robotic applications.  In this post, we will explore how AI is transforming robotic automation, its applications, challenges, and future potential. We will also see how Encord can help address issues in developing scalable AI-based robotic systems. Difference between AI and Robotics Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics are different yet interconnected fields within engineering and technology. Robotics focuses on designing and building machines capable of performing physical tasks, while AI enables these machines to perceive, learn, and make intelligent decisions.  AI consists of algorithms that enable machines to analyze data, recognize patterns, and make decisions without explicit programming. It uses techniques like natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV) to allow machines to perform complex tasks.  For instance, AI powers everyday technologies, such as Google's search algorithms, re-ranking systems, and conversational chatbots like Gemini and ChatGPT by OpenAI.  Robotics, however, focuses on designing, building, and operating programmable physical systems that can work independently or with minimal human assistance. These systems use sensors to gather information and may follow programmed instructions to move, pick up objects, or communicate. A line following robot The integration of AI with robotic systems helps them perceive their environment, plan actions, and control their physical components to achieve specific objectives, such as navigation, object manipulation, or autonomous decision-making. Why is AI Important for Robotics? AI-powered robotic systems can learn from data, recognize patterns, and make intelligent decisions without requiring repetitive programming. Here are some key benefits of using AI in robotics: Enhanced Autonomy and Decision-Making Traditional robots use rule-based programs that limit their flexibility and adaptability. AI-driven robots analyze their environment, assess different scenarios, and make real-time decisions without human intervention.  Improved Perception and Interaction AI improves a robot's ability to perceive and interact with its surroundings. NLP, CV, and sensor fusion enable robots to recognize objects, speech, and human emotions. For example, AI-powered service robots in healthcare can identify patients, understand spoken instructions, and detect emotions through facial expressions and tone of voice. Learning and Adaptation AI-based robotic systems can learn from experience using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technologies. They can analyze real-time data, identify patterns, and refine their actions over time.  Faster Data Processing The modern robotic system relies on sensors such as cameras, LiDAR, radar, and motion detectors to perceive their surroundings. Processing such diverse data types simultaneously is cumbersome. However, experts can use AI to speed up data processing and enable the robot to make real-time decisions.  Predictive Maintenance AI improves robotic reliability by detecting wear and tear and predicting potential failures to prevent unexpected breakdowns. This is important in high-demand environments like the manufacturing industry, where downtime can be costly.  How is AI Used in Robotics? While the discussion above highlights the benefits of AI in robotics, it does not yet clarify how robotic systems use AI algorithms to operate and execute complex tasks. The most common types of AI robots include:  AI-Driven Mobile Robots An AI-based mobile robot (AMR) navigates environments intelligently, using advanced sensors and algorithms to operate efficiently and safely. It can:  See and understand its surroundings using sensors like cameras, LiDAR, and radar, combined with CV algorithms to detect objects, recognize obstacles, and interpret their environment. Process and analyze data in real time to map out their surroundings, predict potential hazards, and adjust to changes as they move. Find the best path and navigate efficiently using AI-driven algorithms to plan routes, avoid obstacles, and move smoothly in dynamic spaces. Interact naturally with humans using AI-powered speech recognition, gesture detection, and other intuitive interfaces to collaborate safely and effectively. Mobile robots in a warehouse AMRs are highly valuable on the factory floor to improve workflow efficiency and productivity.  For example, in warehouse inventory management, an AMR can intelligently navigate through aisles, dynamically adjust its route to avoid obstacles and congestion, and autonomously transport goods.  Articulated Robotic Systems Articulated robotic systems (ARS), or robotic arms, are widely used in industrial settings for tasks like assembly, welding, painting, and material handling. They assist humans with heavy lifting and repetitive work to improve efficiency and safety. Articulated robot  Modern ARS uses AI to process sensor data, enabling real-time perception, decision-making, and precise task execution. AI algorithms help ARS interpret their operating environment, dynamically adjust movements, and optimize performance for specific applications like assembly lines or warehouse automation. Collaborative Robots Collaborative robots, or cobots, work safely alongside humans in shared workspaces. Unlike traditional robots that operate in isolated environments, cobots use AI-powered perception, ML, and real-time decision-making to adapt to dynamic human interactions. AI-driven computer vision helps cobots detect human movements, recognize objects, and adjust their actions accordingly. ML algorithms enable them to improve task execution over time by learning from human inputs and environmental feedback. NLP and gesture recognition allow cobots to understand commands and collaborate more intuitively with human workers. Cobots: Universal Robots (UR)  Universal Robots' UR Series is a good example of a cobot used in manufacturing. These cobots help with tasks like assembly, packaging, and quality inspection. They work alongside factory workers to improve efficiency and human-robot collaboration. AI-Powered Humanoid Robots AI-based humanoid robots replicate the human form, cognitive abilities, and behaviors. They integrate AI to perform completely autonomous tasks or collaborate with humans. These robotic systems combine mechanical structures with AI technologies like CV and NLP to interact with humans and provide assistance. Sophia at UN For example, Sophia is one of the most well-known AI-powered humanoid robots, developed by Hanson Robotics. Sophia engages with humans using advanced AI, facial recognition, and NLP. She can hold conversations, express emotions, and even learn from interactions. Learn about vision-based articulated robots with six degrees of freedom   AI Models Powering Robotics Development AI is transforming the robotics industry, allowing organizations to build large-scale autonomous systems to handle complex tasks more independently and efficiently.  Key advancements driving such transformation include DL models for perception, reinforcement learning (RL) frameworks for adaptability, motion planning for control, and multimodal architectures for processing different types of information.  Let’s discuss these in more detail:  Deep Learning for Perception DL processes images, text, speech, or time-series data from robotic sensors to analyze complex information and identify patterns. DL algorithms, like convolutional neural networks (CNNs), can analyze image and video data to understand its content. In contrast, Transformer and recurrent neural network (RNN) models process sequential data like speech and text.  A sample CNN architecture for image recognition For instance, AI-based CV models play a crucial role in robotic perception, enabling real-time object recognition, tracking, and scene understanding. Some commonly used models include: YOLO (You Only Look Once): A fast object detection model family that enables real-time localization and classification of multiple objects in a scene, making it ideal for robotic navigation and manipulation. SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping): A framework combining sensor data with AI-driven mapping techniques to help robots navigate unknown environments by building spatial maps while tracking their position. Semantic Segmentation Models: Assign class labels to every image pixel, enabling a robot to understand scene structure for tasks like autonomous driving and warehouse automation. Common examples include DeepLab and U-Net. DeepSort for Object Tracking: A tracking-by-detection model that tracks objects in real time by first detecting them and assigning a unique ID to each object. Reinforcement Learning for Adaptive Behavior RL enables robots to learn through trial and error by interacting with their environment. The robot receives feedback in the form of rewards for successful actions and penalties for undesirable outcomes. Popular RL frameworks used in robotics include:  Deep Q-Network (DQN): DQN uses DL to learn the Q-function. The technique allows agents to store their experiences in batches and use samples to train the neural network. Lifelong Federated Reinforcement Learning (LFRL): This architecture allows robots to continuously learn and adapt by sharing knowledge across a cloud-based system, enhancing navigation and task execution in dynamic environments. Q-learning: A model-free reinforcement learning algorithm that helps agents learn optimal policies through trial and error by updating Q-values based on rewards received from the environment. PPO (Proximal Policy Optimization): A reinforcement learning algorithm that balances exploration and exploitation by optimizing policies using a clipped objective function, ensuring stable and efficient learning. Multi-modal Models Multi-modal models combine data from sensors like cameras, LiDAR, microphones, and tactile sensors to enhance perception and decision-making. Integrating multiple sources of information helps robots develop a more comprehensive understanding of their environment. Examples of multimodal frameworks used in robotics include: Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining (CLIP): Helps robots understand visual and textual data together, enabling tasks like object recognition and natural language interaction. ImageBind: Aligns multiple modalities, including images, text, audio, and depth, allowing robots to perceive and reason about their surroundings holistically. Flamingo: A vision-language model that processes sequences of images and text, improving robotic perception in dynamic environments and enhancing human-robot communication. Challenges of Integrating AI in Robotics Advancements in AI are allowing robots to perceive their surroundings better, make real-time decisions, and interact with humans. However, integrating AI into robotic systems presents several challenges. Let’s briefly discuss each of them. Lack of Domain-specific Data: AI algorithms require a large amount of good quality data for training. However, acquiring domain-specific data is particularly challenging in specialized environments with unique constraints. For instance, data collection for surgical robots requires accessing diverse real-world medical data, which is difficult due to ethical concerns. Processing Diverse Data Formats: A robotic system often depends on various sensors that generate heterogeneous data types such as images, signals, video, audio, text, and other modalities. Combining these sensors' information into a cohesive AI system is complex. It requires advanced sensor fusion and processing techniques for accurate prediction and decision-making.  Data Annotation Complexity: High-quality multimodal datasets require precise labeling across different data types (images, LiDAR, audio). Manual annotation is time-consuming and expensive, while automated methods often struggle with accuracy. Learn how to use Encord Active to enhance data quality using end-to-end data preprocessing techniques.   How Encord Ensures High-Quality Data for Training AI Algorithms for Robotics Applications The discussion above highlights that developing reliable robotic systems requires extensive AI training to ensure optimal performance. However, effective AI training relies on high-quality data tailored to specific robotic applications.  Managing the vast volume and variety of data presents a significant challenge, necessitating the use of end-to-end data curation tools like Encord to streamline data annotation, organization, and quality control for more efficient AI model development for robotics. Encord is a leading data development platform for AI teams that offers solutions to tackle issues in robotics development. It enables developers to create smarter, more capable robot models by streamlining data annotation, curation, and visualization. Below are some of Encord’s key features that you can use to develop scalable robotic frameworks. Encord Active for data cleaning  Intelligent Data Curation for Enhanced Data Quality The Encord index offers robust AI-assisted features to assess data quality. It uses semi-supervised learning algorithms to detect anomalies, such as blurry images from robotic cameras or misaligned sensor readings. It can detect mislabeled objects or actions and rank labels by error probability. The approach reduces manual review time significantly. Precision Annotation with AI-Assisted Labeling for Complex Robotic Scenarios Human annotators often struggle to label the complex data required for robotic systems. Encord addresses this through advanced annotation tools and AI-assisted features. It combines human precision with AI-assisted labeling to detect and classify objects 10 times faster. Custom Ontologies: Encord allows robotics teams to define custom ontologies to standardize labels specific to their robotic application. For example, defining specific classes for different types of obstacles and robotic arm poses. Built-in SAM 2 and GPT-4o Integration: Encord integrates state-of-the-art AI models to supercharge annotation workflows like SAM (Segment Anything Model) for fast auto-segmentation of objects and GPT-4o for generating descriptive metadata. These integrations enable rapid annotation of fields, objects, or complex scenarios with minimal manual effort. Multimodal Annotation Capabilities: Encord supports audio annotations for voice models used in robots that interact with humans through voice. Encord’s audio annotation tools use foundational models like OpenAI’s Whisper and Google’s AudioLM to label speech commands, environmental sounds, and other auditory inputs. This is important for customer service robots and assistive devices requiring precise voice recognition. Future of Robotics & AI AI and robotics together are driving transformative changes across various industries. Here are some key areas where these technologies are making a significant impact:  Edge and Cloud Computing Edge computing offers real-time data processing within robotic hardware, which is important for low-latency use cases such as autonomous navigation. Cloud computing provides vast data storage and powerful processors to process large amounts of data for AI model training. This allows robots to react quickly to their immediate surroundings and learn from large data sets. Smart Factories  AI-powered robots are transforming factories, which use automation, IoT, and AI-driven decision-making to optimize manufacturing, streamline workflows, and enhance the supply chain.  Unlike traditional factories that rely on fixed processes and human efforts, smart factories use interconnected machines, sensors, and real-time analytics to adapt to production needs dynamically. These systems enable predictive maintenance, optimization, and autonomous quality control. For example, Ocado’s robotic warehouse uses swarm intelligence to coordinate thousands of small robots for high-speed order fulfillment.  Swarm Robotics  Swarm robotics uses a group of robots to solve a complex task collaboratively. AI makes these swarms coordinate their movements, adapt to changing environments, and perform tasks like search and rescue, environmental monitoring, and agricultural automation.  SwarmFarm Robotics spraying pesticides  For example, SwarmFarm Robotics in Australia uses autonomous robots in precision agriculture. These robots work together to monitor crop health, spray pesticides, and plant seeds. Coordinating their actions allows them to cover large areas quickly and adapt to different field conditions. Space and Planetary Exploration  AI-powered robots play a crucial role in space exploration by navigating unknown terrains, conducting scientific experiments, and performing maintenance in harsh environments. AI enables these robots to make autonomous decisions in real time, which reduces their reliance on direct communication with Earth and overcomes delays caused by vast distances. NASA’s Perseverance rover For example, NASA’s Perseverance rover on Mars features AI-driven systems that enable it to navigate the Martian surface autonomously. The rover uses AI to identify and avoid obstacles, choose its paths, and select expected locations for scientific analysis. This autonomy is crucial for exploring areas where real-time communication is not feasible. AI in Robotics: Key Takeaways AI is transforming robotics by enabling machines to perceive, learn, and make intelligent decisions. This transformation is driving advancements across industries, from manufacturing to healthcare. Below are the key takeaways on how AI is shaping robotic automation.  AI Transforms Robotics: AI enhances robotic capabilities by improving decision-making, perception, and adaptability, making robots more autonomous and efficient. Challenges of Incorporating AI in Robotics: Integrating AI in robotics comes with challenges such as acquiring domain-specific data, processing diverse sensor inputs, ensuring AI explainability, achieving scalability across environments, and maintaining seamless hardware integration for optimal performance. Encord for Robotics: Encord provides AI-powered tools for high-quality data annotation and management, enhancing AI model training for robotics. 📘 Download our newest e-book, The rise of intelligent machines to learn more about implementing physical AI models.

Consider a boxy robot nicknamed “Shakey” developed by Stanford Research Institute (SRI) in the 1960s. This robot was named “Shakey” for its trembling movements. It was the first robot that could perceive its surroundings and decide how to act on its own​.  Shakey Robot (Source) It could navigate hallways and figure out how to go around obstacles without human help. This machine was more than a curiosity. It was an early example of giving artificial intelligence a physical body. The development of Shakey marked a turning point as artificial intelligence (AI) was no longer confined to a computer, it was acting in the real world. The concept of Embodied AI began to gain momentum in the 1990s, inspired by Rodney Brooks's 1991 paper, "Intelligence without representation." In this work, Brooks challenged traditional AI approaches by proposing that intelligence can emerge from a robot's direct engagement with its environment, rather than relying on complex internal models. This marked a significant shift from earlier AI paradigms, which predominantly emphasized symbolic reasoning. Over the years, progress in machine learning, particularly in deep learning and reinforcement learning, has enabled robots to learn through trial and error to enhance their capabilities. Today, Embodied AI is evident in a wide range of applications, from industrial automation to self-driving cars, reshaping the way we interact with and perceive technology. Embodied AI is an AI inside a physical form. In simple terms, it is AI built into a tangible system (like a robot or self-driving car) that can sense and interact with its environment​. A modern day example of embodied AI in a humanoid form is Phoenix, a general-purpose humanoid robot developed by Sanctuary AI. Like Shakey, Phoenix is designed to interact with the physical world and make its own decisions. Phoenix benefits from decades of advances in sensors, actuators, and artificial intelligence. Phoenix - Machines that Work and Think Like People (Source) What is Embodied AI? Embodied AI is about creating AI systems that are not just computational but are part of physical robots. These robots can sense, act, and learn from their surroundings, much like humans do through touch, sight, and movement. What is Embodied AI? (Source) The idea comes from the "embodiment hypothesis," introduced by Linda Smith in 2005. This hypothesis says that thinking and learning are influenced by constant interactions between the body and the environment. It connects to earlier ideas from philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, who wrote about how perception is central to understanding and how the body plays a key role in shaping that understanding. In practice, Embodied AI brings together areas like computer vision, environment modeling, and reinforcement learning to build systems that get better at tasks through experience. A good example is robotic vacuum cleaners Roomba. Roomba uses sensors to navigate its physical environment, detect obstacles, and learn the layout of a room and adjust its cleaning strategy based on the data it collects. This allows it to perform actions (cleaning) directly within its surroundings, which is a key characteristic of embodied AI. Roomba Robot (Source) How Physical Embodiment Enhances AI Giving AI a physical body, like a robot, can improve its ability to learn and solve problems. The main benefit is that an embodied AI can learn by trying things out in the real world, not just from preloaded data. For example, think about learning to walk. A computer simulation can try to figure out walking in theory, but a robot with legs will actually wobble, take steps, fall, and try again which enables it to learn a bit more each time. This is just like a child learning to walk by falling and getting back up, the robot improves its balance and movement through real-world experience. Physical feedback, like falling or staying upright, teaches the AI what works and what does not work. This kind of hands-on learning is only possible when the AI has a body to act with. Real-world interaction also makes AI more adaptable. When an AI can sense its surroundings, it isn’t limited to what it was programmed to expect, rather it can handle surprises and adjust. For example, a household robot learning to cook might drop a tomato, feel the mistake through touch sensors, and learn to grip more gently next time. If the kitchen layout changes, the robot can explore and update its understanding. Embodied AI also combines multiple senses, called multimodal learning, to better understand its environment. For example, a robot might use vision to see an object and touch to feel it, creating a richer understanding. A robotic arm assembling something doesn’t just rely on camera images, it also feels the resistance and weight of parts as it works. This combination of senses helps the AI develop an intuitive grasp of physical tasks. Even simple devices, like robotic vacuum cleaners, show the power of embodiment. They learn the layout of a room by bumping into walls and furniture, improving their cleaning path over time. This ability to learn through real-world interaction by using sight, sound, touch, and movement gives embodied AI a practical understanding that software-only AI can not achieve. It is the difference between knowing something in theory and truly understanding it through experience. Applications of Embodied AI Embodied AI has several applications across various industries and domains. Here are a few key applications of Embodied AI. Autonomous Warehouse Robots Warehouse robots are a popular application of embodied AI. These robots transform how goods are stored, sorted, and shipped in modern logistics and supply chain operations. These robots are designed to automate repetitive, time-consuming, and physically demanding tasks to improve efficiency, accuracy, and safety in warehouses. For example, Amazon uses robots (e.g. Digit) in its fulfillment centers to streamline the order-picking and packaging process. These robots are the example of embodied AI because they learn and operate through direct interaction with their physical environment. Embodied AI Robot Digit (Source) Digit relies on sensors, cameras, and actuators to perceive and interact with its surroundings. For example, Digit uses its legs and arms to move and manipulate objects. This physical interaction generates real-time feedback that allow the robots to learn from their actions such as adjusting its grip on an item or navigating around obstacles. The robots improve their performance through repeated practice. For example, Digit learns to walk and balance by experiencing different surfaces and adjusting its movements accordingly.  Inspection Robots  Spot robot from Boston Dynamics is designed for a variety of inspection and service tasks. Spot is a mobile robot and is adaptable to different environments such as office, home,  and outdoors such as construction sites, remote industrial facilities etc. With its four legs, Spot can navigate uneven terrain, stairs, and confined spaces that wheeled robots may struggle with. This makes it ideal for inspection tasks in challenging environments. Spot is equipped with camera, depth sensors, and microphone to gather environmental data. This allows it to perform tasks like detect structural damages, monitor environmental conditions, and even record high-definition video for remote diagnostics. While Spot can be operated remotely, it also has autonomous capabilities. It can patrol pre-defined routes, identify anomalies, and alert human operators in real time. Spot can learn from experience and adjust its behavior based on the environment. Spot Robot (Source) Autonomous Vehicles (Self-Driving Cars) Self-driving cars, developed by companies like Waymo, Tesla, and Cruise, use embodied AI  for decision-making and actuation systems to navigate complex road networks without human intervention. These vehicles use a combination of cameras, radar, and LiDAR to create detailed, real-time maps of their surroundings. AI algorithms process sensor data to detect pedestrians, other vehicles, and obstacles and allow the car to make quick decisions such as braking, accelerating, or changing lanes. Self-driving cars often communicate with cloud-based systems and other vehicles to update maps and learn from shared driving experiences which improve safety and efficiency over time. Vehicles uses Embodied AI from Wayve AI (Source) Service Robots in Hospitality and Retail Embodied AI is transforming the hospitality and retail industries by revolutionizing customer interaction. Robots like Pepper are automating service tasks and enhancing guest experiences. Robots like this serve as both information kiosks and interactive assistants. For example, the Pepper robot uses computer vision and NLP to understand and interact with customers. It can detect faces, interpret gestures, and process spoken language which allow it to provide personalized greetings and answer common questions. Paper is equipped with sensors such as depth cameras and LIDAR to navigate through complex indoor environments. In retail settings, it can lead customers to products or offer store information. In hotels, similar robots might be tasked with delivering room service or even handling luggage by autonomously moving through corridors and elevators. These service robots learn from interactions. For example, it may adjust its speech and gestures based on customer demographics or feedback. Pepper robot from SoftBank (Source) Humanoid Robots Figure 2 is a humanoid robot developed by Figure.ai that gives AI a tangible, interactive presence. Figure 2 integrates advanced sensory inputs, real-time processing, and physical actuation which enable it to interact naturally with its surroundings and humans. Its locomotion capabilities are supported by real-time feedback from sensors, such as cameras and inertial measurement units, enabling it for smooth and adaptive movement across different surfaces and around obstacles. The robot uses integrated computer vision systems to recognize and interpret its surroundings. Figure 2 uses NLP and emotion recognition to engage in conversational interactions. Figure can learn from experience and refine its responses and behavior based on accumulated data from its operating environment which make it efficient to act in a real-world environment to complete designated tasks. Figure 2 Robot (Source) Difference Between Embodied AI and Robotics Robotics is the field of engineering and science focused on designing, building, and operating robots which are physical machines that can perform tasks automatically or with minimal human help. These robots are used in areas like manufacturing, exploration, entertainment etc. The field includes the hardware, control systems, and programming needed to create and run these machines. Embodied AI, on the other hand, refers to AI systems built into physical robots, allowing them to sense, learn from, and interact with their environment through their physical form. Inspired by how humans and animals learn through sensory and physical experiences, Embodied AI focuses on the robot's ability to adapt and improve its behavior using techniques like machine learning and reinforcement learning.   For example, a robotic arm in a car manufacturing plant is programmed to weld specific parts in a fixed sequence. It uses sensors for precision but does not learn or adapt its welding technique over time. This is an example of robotics, relying on traditional control systems without the learning aspect of Embodied AI. On the other hand, ATLAS from Boston Dynamics learns to walk, run, and perform tasks by interacting with its environment and improving its skills through experience. This demonstrates Embodied AI, as the robot's AI system adapts based on physical feedback. Robotics vs Embodied AI (Source: FANUC, Boston Dynamics) Future of Embodied AI The future of Embodied AI depends on advancement of exciting trends and technologies that will make robots smarter and more adaptable. The Embodied AI is set to change both our industries and everyday lives. As Embodied AI relies on machine learning, sensors, and robotics hardware, the stage is set for future growth. Following are key emerging trends and technological advancement that make this happen. Emerging Trends Advanced Machine Learning: Robots will use generative AI and reinforcement learning to master complex tasks quickly and adapt to different situations. For example, a robot could learn to assemble furniture by watching videos and practicing, handling various designs with ease. Soft Robotics: Robots made from flexible materials will improve safety and adaptability, especially in healthcare. Think of a soft robotic arm helping elderly patients, adjusting its grip based on touch. Multi-Agent Systems: Robots will work together in teams, sharing skills and knowledge. For instance, drones could collaborate to survey a forest fire, learning the best routes and coordinating in real-time. Human-Robot Interaction (HRI): Robots will become more intuitive, using natural language and physical cues to interact with people. Service robots, like SoftBank’s Pepper, could evolve to predict and meet customer needs in places like stores Technological Advances Improved Sensors: Improvement in LIDAR, tactile sensors, and computer vision will help robots understand their surroundings more accurately. For example, a robot could notice a spill on the floor and clean it up on its own. Energy-Efficient Hardware: New processors and batteries will make robots last longer and move more freely, which is important for tasks like disaster relief or space missions. Simulation and Digital Twins: Robots will practice tasks in virtual environments before doing them in the real world.  Neuromorphic Computing: Human Brain inspired chips could help robots process sensory data more like humans, making robots like Boston Dynamics’ Atlas even more agile and responsive. Data Requirements for Embodied AI The ability of Embodied AI to learn from and adapt to environments depends on the data on which it is trained. Therefore the data play an important role in building Embodied AI. Following are the data requirements for Embodied AI. Large-Scale, Diverse Datasets Embodied AI systems need a large amount of data about different environments and sources to learn effectively. This diversity helps the AI understand a wide range of real-world scenarios, from different lighting and weather conditions to various obstacles and environments. Real-Time Data Processing and Sensor Integration Embodied AI systems use sensors like cameras, LIDAR, and microphones to see, hear, and feel their surroundings. Processing this data quickly is crucial. Therefore the real-time data processing solution (e.g., GPUs, neuromorphic chips)  is required to allow the AI to make immediate decisions, such as avoiding obstacles or adjusting its actions as the environment changes. Data Labeling Data labeling is a process to give meaning to raw data (e.g., “this is a door,” “this is an obstacle”). It is used to guide supervised learning models to recognize patterns correctly. Poor labeling leads to errors, like a robot misidentifying a pet as trash. Data labeling is a tedious job, data labeling tools with AI assisted labeling is needed for such tasks. Quality Control High-quality data is key to reliable performance. Data quality control means checking that the information used for training is accurate and free from errors. This ensures that the AI learns correctly and can perform well in real-world situations. The success of embodied AI depends on  large and diverse datasets, the ability to process sensor data quickly, clear labeling to teach the model, and rigorous quality control to keep the data reliable.   How Encord Contributes to Building Embodied AI The Encord platform is uniquely suited to support embodied AI development by enabling efficient labeling and management of multimodal dataset that include audio, image, video, text, and document data. This multimodal data is essential for training intelligent systems as Embodied AI relies on such large multimodal datasets.  Encord, a truly multimodal data management platform For example, consider a domestic service robot designed to help manage household tasks. This robot relies on cameras to capture images and video for object and face recognition, microphones to interpret voice commands, and even text and document analysis to read user manuals or labels on products. Encord streamlines the annotation process for all these data types, ensuring that the robot learns accurately from diverse sources. Key features include: Multimodal Data Labeling: Supports annotation of audio, image, video, text, and document data. Efficient Annotation Tools: Encord provides powerful tools to quickly and accurately label large datasets. Robust Quality Control: By offering robust quality control features, Encord ensures that the data used to train embodied AI is reliable and error free. Scalability: Embodied AI systems require large data from various environments and conditions. Encord helps manage and organize these large, diverse datasets to make it easier to train AI that can operate in the real world. Collaborative Workflow: Encord simplifies the collaboration between data scientists and engineers to refine models. These capabilities supported in Encord enable developers to build embodied AI systems that can effectively interpret and interact with the world through multiple sensory inputs. Thus, Encord helps in building smarter, more adaptive Embodied AI applications. Key Takeaways Embodied AI integrates AI into physical machines to enable them to interact, learn, and adapt from real-world experiences. This approach moves beyond traditional, software only AI by providing robots with sensory, motor and learning capabilities. Embodied AI systems can learn from real-world feedback such as falling, balancing, and tactile feedback that is much like humans learn through experience. Embodied AI systems use a combination of vision, sound, and touch to achieve a deeper understanding of their surroundings, which is crucial for adapting to new challenges. Embodied AI is transforming various industries, including logistics, security, autonomous vehicles, and service sectors. The effectiveness of embodied AI depends on large-scale, diverse, and well annotated datasets that capture real-world complexity. Encord platform helps in labelling efficient, multimodal data and quality control. It supports the development of smarter and more adaptable embodied AI systems. 📘 Download our newest e-book, The rise of intelligent machines to learn more about implementing physical AI models.

With the world’s population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, the demand for food is skyrocketing. However, farmers face unprecedented challenges due to labor shortages, climate change, and the need for sustainable practices. This is putting immense pressure on traditional farming methods.  For instance, manual weed control alone can cost farmers billions annually, while inefficient resource use leads to environmental degradation. Enter agricultural drones and robotics, a technological revolution set to transform farming as we know it. Due to their significant benefits, the global agricultural drone market is expected to grow to $8.03 billion by 2029, driven by the urgent need for smarter, more efficient farming solutions. From AI-powered weed targeting to real-time crop health monitoring, these technologies are not just tools. They are the future of agriculture. Yet, despite their potential, adopting these technologies poses a challenge. High upfront costs, technical complexity, and resistance to change often hinder widespread implementation. In this post, we’ll discuss the data and tools required to build these systems, the challenges developers face, and how tools like Encord can help you create scalable robotic systems. What is an Agricultural Drone? An agricultural drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed to assist farmers by automating crop monitoring, spraying, and mapping tasks. These drones, equipped with advanced sensors, GPS, and AI-powered analytics, capture high-resolution images, analyze soil health, and detect plant stress. Some models even perform precision spraying, reducing chemical usage and improving efficiency. Benefits like automated takeoff and obstacle avoidance enable smooth operations in challenging farming environments. This saves time, lowers labor costs, and enhances yield predictions by providing real-time insights. Drones also allow farmers to perform precision agriculture, which helps them optimize resource use, minimize waste, and increase sustainability. DJI agriculture drone For instance, the DJI Agras T40, a leading spray drone, features advanced payload capabilities for effective crop protection. These machines help automate agricultural workflows and enable farmers to operate them via remote control for timely interventions. How Has the Agricultural Done Industry Transformed in the Past 5 Years? Over the past five years, agricultural drones have evolved from niche tools to essential components of precision farming. These innovations, driven by rapid technological advancements, regulatory support, and growing market demand, transform how farmers monitor crops, apply resources, and automate labor-intensive tasks. Technological Advancements The past five years have witnessed agricultural drones undergo significant technological evolution. Advancements in sensor technology, including multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, have enhanced the ability to monitor crop health with greater precision.  Battery life and propulsion system improvements have extended flight durations, allowing drones to cover larger areas in a single mission. Integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms has enabled real-time data processing.  These trends are leading to immediate decision-making for tasks like variable-rate application of fertilizers and pesticides to improve crop yields. Additionally, the development of autonomous flight functionality has reduced the need for manual intervention, making drone operations more efficient and user-friendly. Regulatory Framework The regulatory landscape for agricultural drones has become more structured and supportive. Many countries have established clear guidelines for their use, addressing issues such as airspace permissions, pilot certifications, and safety standards.  For instance, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States has implemented Part 107 regulations, providing a framework for commercial drone use, including agriculture. These regulations have streamlined the process for farmers and agribusinesses to adopt drone technology, ensuring safe and legal operations.  Collaborations between regulatory bodies and industry stakeholders continue to evolve, aiming to balance innovation with safety and privacy concerns. Market and Industry Growth The agricultural drone market has seen significant growth. Currently, the market is approximately $2.41 billion, with projections estimating a size of $5.08 billion by 2030. This trend means a compound annual growth rate of 16% from 2025 to 2030.  Agricultural drone market This expansion is mostly driven by the need for automated farming operations in the face of labor shortages in the agriculture industry. Farmers are recognizing the return on investment that drones offer through enhanced crop monitoring, efficient resource utilization, and improved yields. Top Companies in the Space Several companies are leading the agricultural drone revolution, developing advanced drone solutions that enhance precision farming. DJI, a dominant force in the drone industry, has introduced cutting-edge models tailored for agriculture. The Mavic 3M, a multispectral imaging drone, enables farmers to monitor crop health accurately. This drone uses Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) technology for centimeter-level positioning. For large-scale operations, DJI Agras T50 and T40 drones offer robust crop spraying and spreading capabilities, allowing for efficient pesticide and fertilizer application. These drones integrate AI-powered route planning and RTK positioning to ensure precise operations and minimize environmental impact.  Beyond DJI, Parrot has developed drones with high-resolution imaging capabilities tailored for agricultural use. For example, the Parrot Bluegrass Fields provides in-depth crop analysis and covers up to 30 hectares with a 25-minute flight time.  AgEagle Aerial Systems, known for its eBee Ag unmanned aerial system (UAS), offers aerial mapping solutions to help farmers make data-driven decisions. Meanwhile, XAG, a rising competitor, specializes in autonomous agricultural drones. One example is the XAG P100, which integrates AI and RTK technology for precise spraying and seeding. Such companies are shaping the future of smart agriculture by combining automation, high-resolution imaging, and advanced navigation. Case Study from John Deer John Deere has been at the forefront of integrating autonomous technology into agriculture. In 2022, the company introduced its first autonomous tractor, which has since been used by farmers across the United States for soil preparation.  Building on this success, John Deere plans to launch a fully autonomous corn and soybean farming system by 2030. The system will address labor shortages and enhance productivity.  The company's latest Autonomy 2.0 system features 16 cameras providing a 360-degree view and operates at flight speeds up to 12 mph, a 40% increase over previous models. John Deere seeks to improve agriculture efficiency, safety, and sustainability by automating repetitive tasks. Autonomous Agriculture Beyond Traditional Drones Agricultural drones have transformed how we monitor crops and spray, but the next evolution lies in autonomous agriculture robotics. These systems go beyond aerial capabilities, incorporating ground-based robots that carry out tasks such as planting, weeding, and harvesting with unmatched precision.  The transition from drones to robotics represents a natural progression in precision agriculture. Drones are excellent for aerial data collection and spraying, but ground-based robots can manage more complex, labor-intensive tasks.  For example, robots with computer vision and AI can identify and remove weeds without damaging crops, reducing herbicide use by up to 90%. Robots like FarmWise’s Titan FT-35 use AI to distinguish crops from weeds and mechanically remove invasive plants. Laser-based systems, such as Carbon Robotics’ LaserWeeder, eliminate weeds accurately, saving farmers thousands in herbicide costs.  Additionally, Ground robots with multispectral cameras and sensors can monitor soil moisture, nutrient levels, and plant health in real time. Robots like Ecorobotix’s ARA analyze soil composition and apply fertilizers with variable-rate precision, ensuring optimal nutrient delivery. https://encord.com/blog/computer-vision-in-agriculture/ Data and Tooling Requirements for Building Agricultural Robots Developing agricultural robots requires a comprehensive approach to data and technology. The process begins with collecting high-quality, relevant data, which forms the foundation for training and refining the AI models that enable autonomous operation in agricultural fields. Data Collection Data collection is the most critical aspect of developing agricultural robots. The data must come from various sources to capture the complexity of agricultural environments. This includes real-time data from sensors embedded in robots or placed across fields to measure soil moisture, temperature, pH levels, and nutrient content.  Cameras and multispectral sensors capture detailed imagery of crops, allowing for analysis of plant health, growth stages, and pest presence. Historical data, including weather patterns, previous crop yields, and soil health data, adds layers of predictive capability to AI models. AI and ML Platforms The "brains" of agricultural robots consist of AI and ML algorithms, which require powerful software tools and platforms. These platforms help create and train intelligent models that enable robots to perceive, understand, and act in agricultural environments. Machine Learning and Computer Vision Frameworks ML platforms like TensorFlow and PyTorch train AI models that allow image recognition for weeding and disease detection. Additionally, specialized frameworks from NVIDIA for GPU acceleration enhance speed. OpenCV, an open-source CV library, offers a collection of algorithms for image processing, feature extraction, object detection, video analysis, and more. It is widely used in robotics and provides essential building blocks for vision-based agricultural robot applications. Robotics Middleware and Frameworks ROS (Robot Operating System) is a widely adopted open-source framework for robotics software development. It simplifies sensor integration, navigation, motion planning, and simulation. Key features include: Sensor integration and data abstraction: Provides a unified interface for accessing and processing sensor data. Navigation and localization: Offers pre-built algorithms, mapping tools, and localization techniques (e.g., SLAM) for autonomous robot navigation. Simulation Environments: ROS integrates seamlessly with simulation environments like Gazebo. It enables developers to test and validate robot software in a virtual world before deploying it to real hardware. Edge AI Platforms NVIDIA Jetson embedded computing platforms (e.g., Jetson AGX Orin, Jetson Xavier NX) are widely used in robotics to balance performance and energy efficiency. They provide potent GPUs and execute complex AI models directly on robots in real-time. Google Coral provides edge TPU (Tensor Processing Unit) accelerators that are specifically designed for efficient inference of TensorFlow Lite models. Coral platforms are cost-effective and energy-efficient. This makes them suitable for deploying lightweight AI models on robots operating in power-constrained environments. Hardware Considerations and Software Integration Requirements Selecting the appropriate hardware is equally important because the physical environment of a farm is harsh and unpredictable. Robots must be designed to withstand dust, water, extreme temperatures, and physical shocks.  This requires selecting durable materials for the robot's body, ensuring that sensors and cameras are both protected and functional. It is also important to choose batteries that provide long life and fast recharge capabilities. The software must also be robust and capable of managing diverse data inputs, processing them efficiently, and sending commands to the robotic systems. Additionally, the software should integrate seamlessly with existing farm management software, Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, and other agricultural robots or drones for an effective farm management solution.  Challenges of Building Agricultural Robots Despite the advantages of deploying agricultural robots, several challenges stand in the way of their widespread adoption and effective operation. Environmental factors: Agricultural robots face challenges due to unpredictable environments, including rough terrain, mud, and severe weather, which can affect their sensors and mobility systems. Hyperspectral cameras and LiDAR often fail in fog or low-light conditions, reducing data accuracy. Regulatory constraints: Varied regulations across regions can limit operational areas and require certifications. Additionally, they impose data privacy and usage restrictions, complicating operations. High initial costs: Significant upfront costs are associated with research, engineering, and software development. High-performance components contribute to expensive robot systems. Collecting and labeling large datasets for AI training is resource-intensive. Data quality: Robots rely on high-quality data for disease detection and yield prediction tasks. However, bias in training data poses challenges, such as models trained on monoculture farms failing in diverse cropping systems. Additionally, annotating crop imagery for ML requires precise tagging of subtle features, which is time-intensive and error-prone. Maintenance: Regular maintenance is necessary in harsh agriculture, but it can be logistically challenging and costly, particularly in remote or expansive farming areas. How Encord Helps Build Agricultural Drones: Conquering Data Challenges With a Data-Centric Platform As we discussed, building efficient agricultural robots presents numerous challenges, mainly due to the inherent complexities of agricultural data. Agricultural sensor data is often noisy and imperfect due to environmental factors. Human annotation can introduce errors and inconsistencies, which can impact model accuracy.  These data quality challenges can greatly hinder developing and deploying effective agricultural drone and robot systems. Recognizing that quality data is not just a component but the cornerstone of successful AI, platforms like Encord are specifically designed to address these critical data challenges.   Encord provides a comprehensive, data-centric environment tailored to streamline the AI development lifecycle for CV applications in demanding fields like agricultural drones and robotics. It also enables effective management and curation of large datasets while facilitating the iterative improvement of model performance through intelligent, data-driven strategies. Below are some of its key features that you can use for agricultural drone development. Key Takeaways Agricultural drones are transforming farming by enabling precision agriculture, reducing labor costs, and optimizing resource use. With advancements in AI and automation, these drones are becoming more efficient and accessible. Governments are supporting adoption through regulations, and the market is expected to grow significantly. Beyond drones, ground-based robotics are shaping the future of fully autonomous farming, driven by data and AI-powered analytics. 📘 Download our newest e-book, The rise of intelligent machines to learn more about implementing physical AI models.

Google DeepMind’s latest work on Gemini 2.0 for robotics shows a remarkable shift in how large multimodal AI models are used to drive real-world automation. Instead of training robots in isolation for specific tasks, DeepMind introduced two specialized models: Gemini Robotics: a vision-language-action (VLA) model built on Gemini 2.0. It accepts  physical actions as a new output modality for directly controlling robots. Gemini Robotics-ER: a version of Gemini that incorporates embodied reasoning (ER) and spatial understanding. It allows roboticists to run their own programs along with Gemini’s spatial reasoning capabilities. This is monumental because Google demonstrates how you can take a multimodal artificial intelligence model, fine-tune it and apply it for robotics. Since it is multimodal, the robotic systems learn to generalize better rather than being proficient at a particular task without needing massive amounts of data to add a new ability. In this blog we will go through the key findings of the Gemini Robotics, the architecture, training pipeline and discuss the new capabilities it unlocks.  Why Traditional Robotics Struggle? Training robots has always been an expensive and complex task. Most of the robots are trained with supervised datasets, reinforcement learning or imitation learning, but each approach has significant limitations. Supervised learning: needs massive annotated datasets. This makes scaling difficult. Reinforcement learning (RL): It has only been proven effective in controlled environments. It still needs millions of trial and error interactions and still fails to generalize to the real-world applications. Imitation learning (IL): It is efficient but it needs large scale expert demonstrations. It can be difficult to find demonstrations for each and every scenario. These challenges lead to narrowly specialized models that work well in training environments but break down in real-world settings. A warehouse robot trained to move predefined objects might struggle if an unexpected item appears. A navigation system trained in simulated environments might fail in new locations with different lighting, obstacles, or floor textures.  Hence, the core issue of traditional robots is the lack of true generalization. However, DeepMind’s Gemini Robotics presents a solution to this problem by rethinking how robots are trained and how they interact with their environments.  What Makes Gemini Robotics Different? Gemini Robotics is a general-purpose model capable of solving dexterous tasks in different environments and supports different robot embodiments. It uses Gemini 2.0 as a foundation and extends the multimodal capabilities to not only understand tasks through vision and language but also to act autonomously in the physical world. The integration of physical actions as a new output modality, alongside vision and language processing, allow the model to control robots directly. It helps the robots to adapt and perform complex tasks with minimal human interventions. Source Architecture Overview Gemini Robotics is built around an advanced vision-language-action model (VLA), where vision and language inputs are integrated with robotic control outputs. The core idea behind this is to help the model to perceive its environment, understand natural language instructions and act in the real-world task by controlling the robot’s actions.  It is a transformer based architecture. The key components include: Vision Encoder: This module processes visual inputs from cameras or sensors, extracting spatial and object-related information. The encoder is capable of recognizing objects, detecting their positions, and understanding environmental contexts in dynamic settings. Language Encoder: The language model interprets natural language instructions. It converts user commands into an internal representation that can be translated into actions by the robot. The strength of Gemini Robotics lies in its ability to comprehend ambiguous language, contextual nuances, and even tasks with incomplete information. Action Decoder: The action decoder translates the multimodal understanding of the environment into actionable robotic movements. These include tasks like navigation, object manipulation, and interaction with external tools. Training Pipeline The training of these models is also unique as it combines multiple data sources and tasks to ensure that the model is good at generalizing across different settings.  Data Collection The training process begins with collecting a diverse range of data from robotic simulations and real-world environments. This data includes both visual data such as images, videos, depth maps, and sensor data, and linguistic data such as task descriptions, commands, and natural language instructions. To create a robust dataset, DeepMind uses a combination of both synthetic data from controlled environments and real-world data captured from real robots performing tasks. Pretraining The model is first pretrained on multimodal datasets, where it learns to associate vision and language patterns with tasks. This phase is designed to give the model an understanding of fundamental object recognition, navigation, and task execution in various contexts. Pretraining helps the model learn generalizable representations of tasks without having to start from scratch for each new environment. Fine-tuning on Robotic Tasks After pretraining, the model undergoes fine-tuning using real-world robotic data to improve its task-specific capabilities. Here, the model is exposed to a wide range of tasks from simple object manipulation to complex multi-step actions in dynamic environments. Fine-tuning is done using a combination of supervised learning for task labeling and reinforcement learning for optimizing robotic behaviors through trial and error. Reinforcement Learning for Real-World Adaptation A key component of the Gemini Robotics pipeline is the use of reinforcement learning (RL), especially in the fine-tuning stage. Through RL, the robot learns by performing actions and receiving feedback based on the success or failure of the task. This allows the model to improve over time and develop an efficient policy for action selection. RL also helps the robot generalize its learned actions to different real-world environments. Embodied Reasoning and Continuous Learning The model is also designed for embodied reasoning, which allows it to adjust its actions based on ongoing environmental feedback. This means that Gemini Robotics is not limited to a static training phase but is capable of learning from new experiences as it interacts with its environment. This continuous learning process is crucial for ensuring that the robot remains adaptable, capable of refining its understanding and improving its behavior after deployment. Gemini Robotics-ER Building on the capabilities of Gemini Robotics, this model introduces embodied reasoning (ER). What is Embodied Reasoning? Embodied reasoning refers to the ability of the model to understand and plan based on the physical space it occupies. Unlike traditional models that react to sensory input or follow pre-programmed actions, Gemini Robotics-ER has a built-in capability to understand spatial relationships and reason about movement.  Source This enables the robot to assess its environment more holistically, allowing for smarter decisions about how it should approach tasks like navigation, object manipulation, or avoidance of obstacles. For example, a robot with embodied reasoning wouldn’t just move toward an object based on visual recognition. Instead, it would take into account factors like: Spatial context: Is the object within reach, or is there an obstacle blocking the way? Task context: Does the object need to be lifted, moved to another location, or simply avoided? Environmental context: What other objects are nearby, and how do they affect the task at hand? Source Gemini 2.0’s Embodied Reasoning Capabilities The Gemini 2.0 model already provided embodied reasoning capabilities which are further improved in the Gemini Robotics-ER model. It needs no additional robot-specific data or training as well. Some of the capabilities include: Object Detection: It can perform open-world 2D object detection, and generate accurate bounding boxes for objects based on explicit and implicit queries. Pointing: The model can point to objects, object parts, and spatial concepts like where to grasp or place items based on natural language descriptions. Trajectory Prediction: Using its pointing capabilities, Gemini 2.0 predicts 2D motion trajectories grounded in physical observations, enabling the robot to plan movement. Grasp Prediction: Gemini Robotics-ER extends this by predicting top-down grasps for objects, enhancing interaction with the environment. Multi-View Correspondence: Gemini 2.0 processes stereo images to understand 3D scenes and predict 2D point correspondences across multiple views. Example of 2D trajectory prediction. Source How Gemini Robotics-ER Works? Gemini Robotics-ER incorporates several key innovations in its architecture to facilitate embodied reasoning. Spatial mapping and modeling This helps the robot to build and continuously update a 3D model of its surroundings. This spatial model allows the system to track both static and dynamic objects, as well as the robot's own position within the environment. Multimodal fusion It combines vision sensors, depth cameras, and possibly other sensors (e.g., LiDAR).  Spatial reasoning algorithms These algorithms help the model predict interactions with environmental elements. Gemini Robotics-ER’s task planner integrates spatial understanding, allowing it to plan actions based on real-world complexities. Unlike traditional models, which follow predefined actions, Gemini Robotics-ER can plan ahead for tasks like navigating crowded areas, manipulating objects, or managing task sequences (e.g., stacking objects). ERQA (Embodied Reasoning Quality Assurance) It is an open-source benchmark to evaluate embodied reasoning capabilities of multimodal models. In the fine-tuned Gemini models it acts as a feedback loop which evaluates the quality and accuracy of spatial reasoning, decision-making, and action execution in real-time. ERQA Question categories. Source The core of ERQA is its ability to evaluate whether the robot's actions are aligned with its planned sequence and expected outcomes based on the environment’s current state. In practice, ERQA ensures that the robot: Accurately interprets spatial relationships between objects and obstacles in its environment. Adapts to real-time changes in the environment, such as moving obstacles or shifts in spatial layout. Executes complex actions like object manipulation or navigation without violating physical constraints or failing to complete tasks. The system generates feedback signals that inform the model about the success or failure of its decisions. These signals are used for real-time correction, ensuring that errors in spatial understanding or action execution are swiftly addressed and corrected. Why Do These Models Matter for Robotics? One of the biggest breakthroughs in Gemini Robotics is its ability to unify perception, reasoning, and control into a single AI system. Instead of relying solely on robotic experience, Gemini leverages vast external knowledge from videos, images, and text, enabling robots to make more informed decisions. For example, if a household robot encounters a new appliance it has never seen before, a traditional model would likely fail unless it had been explicitly trained on that device. In contrast, Gemini can infer the appliance's function based on prior knowledge from images and instructional text it encountered during pretraining. This ability to extrapolate and reason about unseen scenarios is what makes multimodal AI so powerful for robotics. Through this approach, DeepMind is laying the foundation for more intelligent and adaptable humanoid robots capable of operating across a wide range of industries from warehouse automation to household assistance and beyond. Conclusion In short, Google introduces models and benchmarks and shows how robots can do more and adapt more to different situations. By being general, interactive, and dexterous, it can handle a variety of tasks, respond quickly to changes, and perform actions with precision, much like humans.  📘 Download our newest e-book, The rise of intelligent machines to learn more about implementing physical AI models.

Imagine a world where in the morning the sun rises over busy cities not just with human activity but also with the intelligent machines moving around. A world where your morning coffee is brewed by a robot that not only knows your exact taste preferences but also navigates a kitchen with human-like grace. In this world autonomous delivery drones or robots navigate the urban maze and deliver fresh groceries, essential medicines, and even lunch orders directly to your doorstep. There would also be intelligent robots and drones inspecting cities and assisting in traffic management, taking charge of urban maintenance.  Hospitals would have AI-powered robots efficiently deliver medications to patients and  warehouses would have  robots sort, pack, and ship orders.  This is no longer a science fiction story, it is the emerging reality of Physical AI.  Physical AI illustration by ArchetypeAI (Source) As projected in the article Nvidia could get a bionic boost from the rise of the robots, Physical AI is the next frontier of artificial intelligence. It is suggested that by 2035, there could be as many as 1.3 billion AI-powered robots operating across the globe. In manufacturing alone, the integration of Physical AI could unlock a multi trillion-dollar market, while advancements in healthcare and transportation promise to dramatically improve safety and efficiency. These statistics underline the enormous potential as well as requirement to harness Physical AI for practical, real-world applications. Jensen Huang speaking about humanoids during the 2025 CES event (Source) In this blog, we will deep dive into the world of Physical AI. We'll explore what it is, how it is different from other forms of AI like embodied AI. We will also discuss the data and hardware challenges that need to be overcome and discuss the importance of AI alignment in creating safe systems. We will also explore the role of Encord in Physical AI.  What is Physical AI? Physical AI refers to the integration of AI (exists in software form), with physical systems. Physical AI enables machines to interact with and adapt to the real world. It combines AI algorithms, such as machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing, with robotics, sensors, and actuators to create systems that can perceive, reason, and act in physical environments. Block diagram of the Newton Physical AI foundation model (Source) Key Characteristics of Physical AI Following are the key characters of Physical AI. Embodiment: Physical AI systems are embodied in physical forms, such as robots, drones, or autonomous vehicles which allow it to interact directly with its surroundings. Perception: Physical AI systems make use of sensors (e.g., cameras, microphones, LiDAR) to gather data about their environment. Decision-Making: AI algorithms in Physical AI systems process sensor data to make decisions or predictions. Action: Actuators (e.g., motors, arms, wheels) enable these systems to perform physical tasks, such as moving, grasping, or manipulating objects. Adaptability: Physical AI systems can learn and adapt to new situations or environments over time. Components of Physical AI System Physical AI systems integrate hardware, software, and connectivity to enable intelligent interaction with the physical world. The following are the core components: Sensors Sensors allow Physical AI systems to see and feel  their environment. Sensors help it to collect real-time data enabling the system to understand and respond to external conditions. It can use one or more of the following sensors to understand its surroundings. Cameras: It is used for computer vision tasks. Cameras capture visual information and allow the system to recognize objects, track movements, and interpret visual cues. LiDAR/Radar: These sensors emit signals and measure their reflections to create detailed 3D maps of surroundings. These sensors are essential for navigation. Microphones: It helps capture audio data, enabling the system to process sounds for voice recognition. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs): It comprises accelerometers and gyroscopes to track motion, orientation, and acceleration. It also helps in stabilizing the physical body of Physical AI  systems. Temperature, Pressure, or Proximity Sensors: These sensors monitor environmental factors such as heat, force, or distance to nearby objects and allow the Physical AI system to react appropriately to changes. Actuators Actuators are responsible for executing physical actions based on the decisions taken by the system in order to enable interaction with the environment. For example, if a robot sees an apple through a camera and receives instruction to pick it up through a microphone, it uses different motors in its arm to plan a path to pick it up. Following are some actuator devices: Motors: Drive components like wheels or robotic arms assists the movement and manipulation of objects. Servos: Provide precise control over angular or linear positions which are crucial for tasks requiring exact movements. Hydraulic/Pneumatic Systems: It uses fluid or air pressure to generate powerful movements and are used in heavy machines or robotic systems requiring significant force. Speakers: It converts electrical signals into sound to provide audio feedback or communicate with users. AI Processing Units The AI processing units handle the intensive computations required for processing sensor data and running AI algorithms to make real-time decisions. Some examples are following: Graphics Processing Units (GPUs): Specialized for parallel processing, GPUs accelerate tasks like image and signal processing which are essential for real-time AI applications. Tensor Processing Units (TPUs): Custom-developed by Google, TPUs are designed to efficiently handle machine learning workloads, particularly for neural network computations. Edge Computing Devices: These processors enable data processing at the source (i.e., on the device itself), reducing latency and reliance on cloud connectivity, which is vital for time-sensitive applications. NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano Dk for Edge AI (Source) Mechanical Hardware It is the physical components that provide structure to Physical AI and facilitate movement. It provides the tangible interface between the AI system and its environment. The following are some of the examples: Chassis/Frames: It provides foundational structures to robots, drones, or vehicles and supports all other components of the system. Articulated Limbs: These are the robotic arms or legs that have multiple joints to allow movements and the ability to perform complex tasks. Grippers/Manipulators: These are the end-effectors designed to grasp, hold, or manipulate objects. It enables the system to interact physically with various items. MIRAI AI Enabled Robotic ARM from KUKA (Source) AI Software & Algorithms This is the brain of the Physical AI system. It processes the sensor data and helps in making decisions. The key software for Physical AI are as follows. Machine Learning Models: It is one of the most important parts of Physical AI as it helps the system to understand its environment. It enables systems to learn optimal actions through trial and error. Robot Operating System (ROS): ROS is the open-source robotics middleware. It is a framework that provides a collection of software libraries and tools to build robot applications and enables hardware abstraction and device control. Control Systems The control system translates the decision from AI Software and Algorithm into commands which are executed by actuators. Following are the important control systems: PID Controllers: PID controller uses proportional, Integral, and derivative calculations for the system outputs such that required for the motion control. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS): RTOS manages hardware resources and ensures real-time execution of tasks. This is very important in Physical AI systems which require precise timing. Can AI Have a Physical Form? When most people imagine AI, they think of it as some application, computer programs, or invisible systems like Netflix suggesting a show, Siri answering questions, or chatbots like ChatGPT answering queries. This kind of AI lives entirely in the digital world and works behind the scenes like a ghost that thinks and calculates but it can not move around us and touch and interact with the physical world. In this application, the ai is a software system, like a brain without a body. Physical AI flips this idea. Instead of being trapped in a computer's memory, the Physical AI  gets a body, for example, a robot, self-driving car, or smart machine. Imagine a robot that does not only figure out how to pick up a cup but actually reaches for it, grabs it, and hands it to you. Physical AI connects thinking (algorithms) to real-world action. To do this, it needs: Eyes and ears through sensors (cameras, microphones, radar) to see and hear. A brain which are the processors to understand what is happening. Arms and legs through motors, wheels, or grippers so that it can move and interact. SenseRobot: AI-Powered Smart Chess Coach and Companion (Source) Just take an example of a self-driving car, which does not only think about driving but uses cameras to spot stop signs, calculates when to brake, and actually physically presses the brake pedal. Similarly, a warehouse robot that may use AI to find a package, navigate around people, and lift it with mechanical arms. MARS rover uses AI to identify organic materials in the search for life on Mars (Source) Why does this matter? Because traditional AI is like a smart assistant on your phone, it can talk or answer queries, but it can not do anything physical. On the other hand, Physical AI can act. It can build things, clean your house, assist surgeons, or even explore Mars. By giving AI a body, we’re turning it from a tool that thinks into a partner that acts. This will change the way we live, work, and solve problems in the real world. So, we can say that a traditional AI is the brain that thinks, talks, and calculates. Whereas, Physical AI is the brain and the body that thinks, sees, moves, interacts and is possible indeed. Physical AI vs. Embodied AI Although Physical AI and Embodied AI seem similar at a glance. They are quite different. Let's understand the difference between the two. The Physical AI systems are integrated with physical hardware (sensors, actuators, robots etc.) to interact with the real world. The main focus in Physical AI  is to execute tasks in physical environments. It combines AI algorithms with mechanical systems and can perform operations such as movement, grasping, navigation. This type of AI relies on hardware (motors, cameras, wheels) to interact with surroundings. An example of Physical AI are self-driving cars that use AI to process sensor data (cameras, radar) and physically control steering, brake, or acceleration. Another example is warehouse robots like Amazon’s Sparrow that use AI to identify, grab, and sort packages.  Embodied AI systems on the other hand are designed to learn and reason through physical interaction with their environment. They focus on intelligence that comes from having a body. The emphasis in Embodied AI is on intelligence that comes from a body’s experiences similar to humans who learn by touching, moving, and interacting. The goal of Embodied AI is to learn skills (e.g., walking, grasping) through trial and error in the real world. Framework of Embodied Agent (Source) An example of Embodied AI is Atlas Robot from Boston Dynamics that learns to balance, jump, or navigate uneven terrain by adapting its body movements.   We can summarize the difference between the Physical AI is the AI with a body that acts to solve practical problems (e.g., factory automation) and Embodied AI is the AI that needs a body to learn to improve intelligence (e.g., teaching robots common sense through interaction). The Promise of Physical AI The promise of Physical AI lies in its ability to bring digital intelligence into the tangible physical world. Physical AI is revolutionizing the way machines work alongside humans and transform different industries. Following are key sectors where Physical AI is set to make a huge impact. Healthcare There are many applications of Physical AI in healthcare. For example, surgical robots use AI-guided systems to perform minimally invasive surgeries with precision. Wearable robots such as rehabilitation exoskeletons help patients regain mobility by adapting to their movements in real time. AI powered autonomous robots deliver supplies, sanitize rooms, or assist nurses with repetitive tasks. Exoskeleton control neural network (Source) Manufacturing In manufacturing, collaborative robots (Cobots) are the AI-powered arms that work alongside humans. Cobots learn to handle delicate tasks like assembling electronics or doing more complex tasks that require precision similar to human hands.  Techman AI Cobot (Source) Agriculture In agriculture, AI-driven machines plant, water, and harvest crops while analyzing soil health. Weeding robots use computer vision to identify and remove weeds without chemicals and autonomous tractors drive themselves, avoid obstacles using computer vision and other sensor data and perform various farm tasks, from mowing to spraying. These autonomous tractors use sensors, GPS, and artificial intelligence (AI) to operate without a human in the cab. Driverless tractors perform fully autonomous spraying tasks at a Texas vineyard (Source) Logistics & Retail In Logistics & Retail, Physical AI power robots that sort, pack, and deliver goods with speed and accuracy. These robots use real-time decision-making with adaptive learning to handle a variety of products. For example, Proteus robots sort, pack, and move goods autonomously. Other machines like drones or delivery robots (e.g., Starship) navigate  to deliver packages. Amazon Proteus Robot (Source) Construction Physical AI has an important role to play in transforming how humans do construction. AI-driven excavators, bulldozers, and cranes operate autonomously or semi-autonomously to perform tasks like digging, leveling, and material placement. Companies like Caterpillar and Komatsu are leveraging AI to create smarter heavy machinery. AI-powered robotic arms can perform repetitive tasks like bricklaying, welding, and concrete finishing with high precision. Komatsu Autonomous Haulage System (AHS) (Source) Physical AI is redefining industries by turning intelligent algorithms into real-world action. From hospitals to highways, its ability to act in the physical world will create robots and machines that are not just tools, but partners in solving humanity’s greatest challenges. Data and Hardware Challenges in Physical AI The data and hardware challenges in Physical AI revolve around deploying and executing AI models within hardware systems, such as industrial robots, smart devices, or autonomous machinery. This creates some unique challenges related to data and hardware as discussed below. Data Challenges Availability of High Quality Data As with the many other AI systems, this is also an issue with Physical AI. Physical AI systems often require large, precise datasets to train models for tasks like defect detection and path planning etc. These datasets must reflect the exact physical conditions (e.g., lighting, material properties) of the deployment environment. For example, a welding robot needs thousands of labeled images of welds of different metals under various factory conditions and images taken from different angles to train a vision system. Such data is often not available and collecting it manually is costly and time-consuming. Data Annotation and Labeling Complexity Physical AI systems require accurately annotated data on a variety of data samples for training which require domain expertise and manual labeling effort. Since the AI must act in real physical condition it must be trained on all possible types of conditions the system may face. For example, training a Physical AI system to detect weld imperfections requires engineers to annotate thousands of sensor readings or images in which labeling error by humans may be possible. Adapting to New Situations Physical AI systems are trained on fixed datasets that don’t evolve post-deployment. It may be possible that physical settings (such as change in the environment, place or equipment) in which Physical AI is deployed may change which makes it hard for pre-trained models to work. For example, a robotic arm trained to assemble a specific car model might struggle if the factory switches to a new design. In such cases the model becomes obsolete and requires retraining with fresh data. Hardware Challenges Computational Power and Energy Constraints Running AI models such as deep learning for computer vision on physical hardware requires significant computational resources. Such types of AI models often exceed the capabilities of embedded systems. Battery-powered devices (e.g., IoT sensors) or small robots may also face energy limits and industrial systems need robust cooling. For example, a FANUC welding robot may use a GPU to process sensor data, but integrating this into a compact, energy-efficient unit is costly and generates heat. This may result in hardware failure in a hot environment in the factory. Sensor Limitations and Reliability Physical AI depends on sensors (e.g., cameras, LIDAR, force sensors) to perceive the environment. Sometimes these sensors may not give precise reading or fail under harsh conditions (e.g., dust, vibration). Calibrating these sensors repeatedly can also degrade its performance. For example, a camera on a robotic arm may misjudge weld alignment in poor lighting or if dust obscures the lens which leads to defective outputs. Integration with Legacy Hardware Many physical systems such as factory robots or HVAC units need modern AI models running on outdated processors or proprietary interfaces. Deploying such AI models into these systems is technically challenging and expensive. For example, upgrading a 1990s-era manufacturing robot to use AI for defect detection may require replacing its control unit which may disrupt the production lines. Latency and Real-Time Processing Needs Physical tasks such as robotic welding or autonomous navigation require real-time decision making that must happen in precise milliseconds but AI inference on resource-constrained hardware introduces latency issues. If the AI model is migrated to the cloud, the delays may occur due to network issues. For example, a welding robot adjusting its path in the middle of the welding process might lag if its AI model runs on a slow CPU which results in uneven welds. AI Alignment Considerations The AI alignment problem refers to the challenge of ensuring that AI systems act in ways that are aligned with human values, goals, and ethical principles. This problem becomes especially critical as AI systems become more capable and autonomous. The misaligned AI could potentially cause harm, either unintentionally or due to conflict in objectives. In the context of Physical AI the alignment problem takes on additional layers of complexity as AI systems interact with the physical world. Following are the key alignment problems related to physical AI. Real-World Impact Physical AI systems have direct impact in the physical world. Misalignment in these systems can lead to physical harm, property damage, or environmental disruption. For example, a misaligned autonomous vehicle might prioritize efficiency over safety but it may sometimes lead to accidents. Therefore, ensuring that physical AI systems understand and respect human intentions in real-world environments is a significant challenge. Unpredictable Environments Physical AI operates in environments that are often unpredictable and complex. This makes it harder to train such AI models in all possible scenarios. This increases the risk of unintended behavior. For example, a household robot may misinterpret a human’s command in a way that leads to dangerous actions, such as mishandling objects or entering restricted areas. Ethical and Social Considerations Physical AI systems often operate in shared spaces with humans which can raise ethical questions about privacy, consent, and fairness. Misalignment could lead to violations of these principles. For example, a surveillance robot may overstep boundaries in monitoring public spaces which can lead to privacy concerns especially in areas like international boundaries between two countries. The AI alignment problem in Physical AI is not just about getting the AI algorithms right but it's also about integrating intelligence into machines that interact safely and beneficially with the physical world. Encord's Role in Advancing Physical AI Encord plays an important role in advancing Physical AI by enabling developers with the tools needed to efficiently manage and annotate multimodal data for training models. Accurately annotated data is essential for training intelligent systems that interact with the physical world. In Physical AI, robots and autonomous systems rely on a variety of data streams in the form of high-resolution images and videos to sensor readings like LiDAR and infrared to understand their environments and make decisions. Encord platform enables the process of annotating and curating this heterogeneous data and ensures that the AI models are trained on rich, accurate datasets that capture the complexities of real-world environments. For example, consider the customer story of Four Growers. Four Growers is a robotics and AI company that creates autonomous harvesting and analytics robots for agriculture,  starting in commercial greenhouses. Four Growers uses multimodal annotation capabilities of Encord to label vast amounts of agricultural imagery and sensor data collected via drones and field sensors. This annotated data is then used to train models that power robots capable of precise crop monitoring and yield prediction. The integration of such diverse data types ensures that these AI systems can adapt to varying lighting conditions, detect changes in crop health, and navigate complex field terrains which are all critical for automating agricultural processes and optimizing resource management. Tomato Harvesting Robot by Four Growers (Source) The robot uses high-resolution images and advanced sensors to capture the detailed spatial data across the field. This information is used to create yield heatmaps that offer a granular view of crop performance. These maps show fruit count and yield variations across different parts of the field.   When the robot is harvesting, its AI model helps in identifying and localizing tomatoes among the plant but also analysing its ripeness. By detecting the current ripeness and growth patterns, the system predicts how many tomatoes will be ripe in the coming weeks. Encord helps in the annotation and processing of multimodal data  to train this kind of Physical AI system. Tomato Yield Forecasting (Source) Encord helps to accelerate the development of robust AI models for Physical AI by providing tools to prepare high-quality, multimodal training datasets. Whether it’s in agriculture, manufacturing, healthcare, or urban management, Encord platform is a key enabler in the journey toward smarter, safer, and more efficient Physical AI systems. Key Takeaways Physical AI is transforming how machines interact with our world by integrating AI into physical systems like robots, drones, and autonomous vehicles. Following are the key takeaways from this blog: Physical AI uses AI with sensors, processing units, and mechanical hardware to enable machines to understand, learn, and perform tasks in real-world environments. Physical AI focuses on executing specific tasks in the real-world, whereas Embodied AI emphasizes learning and cognitive development through physical interactions imitating human experiential learning. Physical AI is set to revolutionize industries by automating complex tasks, improving safety and efficiency, and unlocking multi-trillion-dollar markets. Successful deployment of Physical AI depends on overcoming data quality, hardware constraints, sensor reliability, and ethical AI alignment challenges. Encord offers powerful tools for annotating and managing multimodal data to train Physical AI.

Intralogistics is the backbone of modern supply chains. It ensures a smooth movement of goods within warehouses, distribution centers, and manufacturing facilities. As businesses scale, optimizing internal logistics becomes critical for efficiency, cost reduction, and meeting consumer demands. With the rise of automation, robotics, and AI-driven logistics, companies are increasingly investing in intralogistics solutions to enhance productivity. But what exactly is intralogistics, and why should organizations care? What is Intralogistics? It is the flow of materials, goods, and data within a facility like warehouse, factory, or a fulfilment center. This also includes processes like storage, inventory management, material handling, and order fulfilment. Traditional logistics focus on external transport systems whereas interlogistics optimizes internal workflows using automation, robotics, and other AI powered systems. Businesses prioritize intralogistics to reduce operational costs, minimize errors, and improve supply chain agility. Components of Intralogistics Intralogistics have three core elements: Material Flow: The movement of goods within a facility, including receiving, storage, picking, packing, and shipping. Data Management: Using real-time data and analytics to provide visibility into inventory levels, order statuses, and equipment performance. Warehouse Management: Coordinating warehouse operations from inventory control to space optimization and labor allocation.  Why Intralogistics Matters? Efficiency Gains: Streamlining operations improves order accuracy and reduces delays. Cost Reduction: Optimized workflows lower labor costs and minimize waste. Scalability: AI-driven intralogistics adapts to business growth and fluctuating demand. Sustainability: Efficient flow of goods reduces energy consumption and carbon footprint. Use Cases of Internal Logistics Warehouse Automation Warehouses use robots and conveyor belts to transport products faster with fewer mistakes. Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) and Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) transport goods, while robotic arms help with picking and packing. The conveyor belts and sortation systems ensure a smooth flow of inventory. AI warehouse management systems (WMS) track inventory in real-time, preventing stockouts and optimizing storage space. Source Manufacturing and Production Lines Factories use conveyor systems to move materials quickly between workstations. Conveyor systems move raw materials through different stages of production with minimal human intervention. Just-in-time (JIT) inventory systems are used to ensure the required parts arrive exactly when needed to avoid delays and also to reduce storage cost. Businesses also use AI models to forecast demands to help manufacturers keep an eye on the stock levels and avoid overstocking. E-commerce Fulfillment Centers Online retailers use automated storage and retrieval systems to speed up picking and packing. Automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS) organize inventory for fast picking and packing. AI-powered sortation systems classify and route packages efficiently, reducing delivery times. This helps businesses process more orders more efficiently with fewer errors. Cold Chain Logistics for Pharmaceuticals Temperature-sensitive goods, like vaccines and perishable medicines, require precise handling. Internal logistics processes, such as IoT-enabled storage systems, monitor temperature and humidity levels in real-time to ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Automated material handling reduces human error and ensures fast, safe transportation of critical healthcare supplies. Source Retail and Grocery Distribution Retailers use automated warehouses to restock shelves quickly. AI helps predict demand, so stores don’t overstock or run out of items.  Challenges in Scaling Intralogistics Scaling logistical flow internally comes with several challenges, from handling massive amounts of real-time data to integrating automation into legacy systems Data  Data is at the core of intralogistics. Warehouses, fulfillment centers, and manufacturing plants rely on a huge network of sensors, automation tools, and analytics to optimize product flow. However, managing and processing this data at scale presents several issues: Real Time Tracking and Visibility Accurate tracking of inventory, equipment, and shipments is critical for efficient intralogistics. But ensuring real-time visibility is difficult due to: Signal Interference: RFID and GPS-based tracking systems often face disruptions in large warehouses, affecting location accuracy. Data Latency: Delays in updating inventory counts or shipment status can lead to errors in order fulfillment. Scalability Issues: As operations expand, managing a growing network of connected sensors and devices becomes complex. Data-centric AI can clean and standardize tracking data, improving accuracy by filtering out inconsistencies and detecting anomalies in real time. Integrating Diverse Data Sources Intralogistics systems heavily depend on various sensors like RFID scanners, weight sensors, LiDAR, and camera. Each system also interact and rely on data from other systems as well. Hence, integrating and analysing data from these diverse sources presents challenges: Inconsistent Data Formats: Different vendors use different data structures, making it difficult to merge information. Conflicting Readings: One sensor may detect an object, while another fails to register it, leading to errors in automation. Processing Bottlenecks: High volumes of sensor data require powerful computing resources to ensure operational efficiency. Sensor fusion techniques can align, filter, and cross-validate information, ensuring accurate and consistent data for robotic systems and warehouse automation. Data Analytics and Decision Making Handling a large amount of data generated also lead to many challenges: Extracting Insights from Raw Data: AI models require well-structured, high-quality datasets for effective decision-making. Managing Unstructured Data: Video feeds, IoT logs, and sensor data need to be converted into actionable insights. Security and Compliance Risks: Protecting sensitive logistics data from cyber threats while ensuring regulatory compliance adds complexity. Infrastructure  Many companies operate with legacy warehouse management software (WMS) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) software which are not designed for automation. Integrating new technology with existing infrastructure presents challenges such as: Compatibility Problems: Older systems may lack APIs or support for AI tools and robotic automation. Scalability Constraints: Expanding automation across multiple facilities requires a standardized approach, which is difficult when working with different vendors. Network Reliability: High-speed, stable connectivity is crucial for seamless machine-to-machine communication, yet many warehouses lack the necessary infrastructure. Specially designed adaptable softwares can be used as an intermediary layer, bridging data gaps between legacy systems and modern automation tools through intelligent API integrations and real-time processing. Cost and ROI Concerns for Automation While automation enhances efficiency, the high upfront investment in robotics, AI, and IoT devices raises concerns about the return of investment. The businesses need to consider the following: Implementation Costs:  AI logistics solutions require significant initial investment in hardware, software, and training. Long Payback Periods: Efficiency gains take time to materialize, making it difficult to justify costs in the short term. Ongoing Maintenance Expenses: Automated systems require continuous updates and repairs, adding to operational costs. Still the businesses can leverage AI to optimize automation deployment by identifying high-impact areas for investment. This way businesses can achieve cost savings and efficiency improvements faster. Workforce Adaptation and Training As intralogistics systems become more automated, the role of human workers shifts from manual tasks to overseeing and maintaining the automation tools. However, you can face challenges in: Upskilling the Workforce: Traditional warehouse workers may lack experience in AI, robotics, and automation, requiring extensive training or hiring the right talent. Human-Machine Collaboration: Many intralogistics systems require workers to work alongside AI-driven robots, requiring new skills and training. How Encord Helps Build Intralogistics Tools Without accurate, well-labeled data, warehouse robots struggle to detect objects, navigate spaces, or pick and pack items correctly. That’s where Encord comes in. Encord provides a platform to build data centric AI solutions for intralogistics systems.  Source AI systems for intralogistics are trained on diverse sensor data for warehouse automation, robotic navigation, and quality control. However, training reliable AI models requires accurate, well-labeled datasets. Encord’s data platform enables: Automated Video & Sensor Data Labeling: Encord supports video, LiDAR, and multi-sensor data annotation, making it easy to build a robust training dataset to build AI models for warehouse robotics. Active Learning for Faster Model Improvement: AI-assisted annotation speeds up dataset creation while improving model accuracy. Collaborative Workflow Tools: Teams can manage, review, and scale data labeling efficiently. Ensure Continuous Model Optimization: Encord’s platform allows teams to refine datasets over time, improving AI warehouse automation. Real-World Applications Here are some of the case studies of large enterprises that have successfully implemented internal supply chain solutions. Robots in Amazon Fulfilment Centers Amazon is a prime example of how intralogistics processes can scale operations for massive global demand. It uses AMRs and AMVs in its fulfilment centers for transportation of goods within its warehouses. With over 175 fulfillment centers worldwide, Amazon’s use of intralogistics technology has allowed the company to manage a highly complex network while maintaining quick delivery times, even during peak seasons. The efficiency of the automated system has significantly cut down operational costs and improved order accuracy. Toyota’s Manufacturing Platform Along with AGVs in its manufacturing plants to improve warehousing, Toyota also built an AI driven platform which integrates data from various stages of production to improve decision making. By using ML algorithms the platform predicts potential bottlenecks and maintenance issues. This predictive approach reduces downtime and enhances the overall efficiency of production. Toyota also adopted hybrid cloud solutions to connect its manufacturing facilities globally. This cloud infrastructure allows Toyota to gather real-time data from machines, sensors, and robots across its factories, providing a unified view of its operations.  Source The integration of AI into its supply chain allows Toyota to predict maintenance needs, optimize the movement of parts with AGVs, and improve production flexibility. Walmart Improving Distribution with Automation Walmart, the world’s largest retailer, has long been a leader in logistics innovation. To keep up with its massive scale, Walmart has adopted several intralogistics technologies to optimize its distribution centers and stores. Automated Sortation and Conveyor Systems Walmart uses AI sortation systems to process and distribute goods within its distribution centers. The system directs items to the appropriate shipping lanes, speeding up the sorting process. Robotic Palletizing Walmart has also experimented with robots, where robotic forklifts are used to stack products onto pallets. This reduces manual labor while maintaining precision, making it easier for Walmart to manage its inventory and prepare orders for shipping. Conclusion These real-world examples demonstrate the power of intralogistics in transforming supply chains across various industries. From Amazon’s robotic fulfillment centers to Toyota’s automated manufacturing lines, the adoption of AI, robotics, and automation has allowed businesses to streamline operations, improve accuracy, reduce costs, and scale rapidly. As more companies adopt intralogistics, the future of supply chain management will increasingly depend on technological advancements to drive efficiency and meet the growing customer demands. 📘 Download our newest e-book, The rise of intelligent machines to learn more about implementing physical AI models.